Hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and statistical inference
What is a p-value?
The probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
Example: p = 0.03 means there's only a 3% chance of seeing these results if H₀ were true
Note: p < α → Reject H₀; p ≥ α → Fail to reject H₀; smaller p = stronger evidence against H₀; NOT the probability H₀ is true
